| Topic |
Lesson Topic |
Subtopics |
Objectives |
| 1 |
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
|
- Structural and Functional Organization of the Body
- Characteristics of Life
- Homeostasis and Homeostatic Mechanisms
- Anatomical Terminology
|
- Describe the levels or organization of the body.
- Describe the different types of Anatomical Imaging used in the
clinical setting.
- List the 11 organ systems along with their major organs and
functions.
- Define the characteristics of life.
- Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
- Differentiate between positive and negative feedback
mechanisms and give examples of each.
- Describe the anatomical position and directional terminology
used to locate body structures.
- Know correct anatomical terminology for all body parts and
regions.
- Describe the three major planes of the body.
- Describe the major trunk cavities, their divisions, and organs
located in each.
- Describe the quadrants and nine regions of the abdomen and
organs found in each.
- List the serous membranes, their locations, and functions.
|
| 2 |
Chemistry for Anatomy and Physiology Students |
- Basic Chemistry
- Chemical Reactions and Energy
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry
|
- Identify and define elements, atoms, ions, molecules, matter,
mass, and weight.
- Recognize symbols for the most important elements, atoms, ions,
and molecules in the body
- Explain the subatomic particles of an atom.
- Define atomic number, mass number, isotope, atomic mass, and
molarity.
- Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds.
- Know the difference between a molecule and a compound.
- Explain hydrogen bonding.
- Discuss solubility and dissociation.
- Summarize the characteristics of synthesis, decomposition,
reversible, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Illustrate what happens in dehydration and hydrolysis
reactions.
- Discuss potential and kinetic energy.
- Describe the factors that affect chemical reactions.
- Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds.
- Describe the properties of water.
- Describe the pH scale and its relationship to acids, bases, and
neutral substances.
- Explain how buffers work.
- Describe the structural organization and functions of
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
- Explain how enzymes work.
- Describe the structures and functions of nucleic acids.
|
| 3 |
Cell Biology
|
- Functions of the Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Proteins
- Movement Through the Plasma Membrane
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic Organelles
|
- Describe the general parts of a cell.
- Describe the functions of cells.
- Describe the structure and function of the plasma
membrane.
- Explain the formation of a membrane potential.
- Describe the structures and functions of membrane lipids and
proteins.
- Explain the ways that substances pass through the plasma
membrane.
- Discuss diffusion and list substances that diffuse across the
cell membrane.
- Explain osmosis and describe the differences among hypertonic,
hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
- Describe mediated transport.
- Explain facilitated diffusion, active transport, and secondary
active transport.
- Describe the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
- Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and the
nucleolus.
- Explain the structures and functions of ribosomes, rough end
smooth ER, the Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, proteosomes, mitochondria, centrosomes, cilia,
flagella, and microvilli.
|
| 4 |
Genetics
|
- Genes and Gene Expression
- Cell Life Cycle
- Genetics
|
- Describe transcription and translation in the process of gene
expression.
- Explain the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in protein
synthesis.
- Explain the genetic code.
- Explain what occurs during posttranscriptional processing and
posttranslational processing.
- Describe the stages of the cell life cycle.
- Explain DNA replication.
- Explain the events of mitosis and cytokinesis.
- Define genetics and explain the roles of chromosomes in
inheritance.
- Discuss Mendel’s and modern theories of genetics.
- Define and give examples of phenotypes and genotypes.
- Explain karyotype.
- Describe the major patterns of inheritance.
- Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
- Discuss various genetic disorders
|
| 5 |
Tissues
|
- Histology
- Embryonic Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Tissue Membranes
- Tissue Damage and Inflammation
- Tissue Repair
|
- List the four main tissue types.
- Define histology, biopsy, and autopsy.
- Describe the three embryonic germ layers and give examples of
adult structures that are derived from each.
- Describe the general characteristics and major functions of
epithelial tissue.
- Classify epithelial tissues based on number of cell layers and
cell shapes.
- Describe the various types of epithelial tissues, including
their functions and locations.
- Describe the structural specializations of epithelial tissues
along with their functions.
- Explain the differences between exocrine and endocrine
glands.
- Classify exocrine glands based on their structures and
functions.
- Describe the various functions of connective tissues.
- Describe the cells of connective tissues.
- Describe the components found in the matrix of connective
tissues.
- List the different types of connective tissues giving their
locations, structures, and functions.
- List and describe the three types of muscle tissue. Give
the structure, location, and function of each.
- Describe the structure, location, and function of nervous
tissue.
- Explain the difference between neurons and neuroglia.
- Give the locations, structures, and functions of mucous,
serous, and synovial membranes.
- Describe the process of inflammation including the five signs
of inflammation.
- Explain the major events of tissue repair.
- Explain how cancer cells differ from normal cells.
|
| 6 |
Integumentary System |
- Functions of the Integumentary System
- Skin
- Subcutaneous Tissue
- Accessory Skin Structures
- Physiology of the Integumentary System
- Burns and Other Skin Disorders
|
- Describe the general functions of the integumentary
system.
- Describe the structure and function of the epidermis.
- Describe the layers of the epidermis.
- Discuss the differences between thick and thin skin.
- Describe the major factors that affect skin.
- Describe the structure and functions of the dermis.
- Discuss the different types of skin cancer.
- Describe the structure and function of subcutaneous tissue.
- Describe the structures and functions of hairs, glands of the
skin, and nails. Recall the major bones and joints in the
body.
- Describe how burns are assessed and classified.
- Explain the importance of skin in protection, sensation,
temperature regulation, and vitamin D production.
- Describe the general treatment of burns and how burns affect
various organ systems.
- Describe common conditions and infections that affect
skin.
|
| 7 |
Bones and Skeletal System
|
- Functions of the Skeletal System
- Cartilage
- Bone Histology
- Bone Anatomy
- Bone Development
- Bone Growth
- Bone Remodeling
- Bone Repair
- Calcium Homeostasis
- Skeletal Anatomy Overview
- Axial Skeleton
- Appendicular Skeleton
- Bone Disorders
|
- List the components and describe the functions of the skeletal
system.
- List the three types of cartilage and describe the structure,
location, and function of each.
- Describe the components found in the matrix of bone.
- List the types of bone cells and give their functions.
- Describe the structures and locations of woven, lamellar,
compact and spongy bone.
- Classify bones according to their shapes. Give examples
of each.
- Describe the parts of a typical long bone.
- Explain the process of intramembranous ossification. Give
examples of bones formed through this process.
- Describe the steps of endochondral ossification. Give
examples of bones formed through this process.
- Explain how bones grow in length and width.
- List factors that affect bone growth.
- Define bone remodeling and explain its importance.
- Explain the steps in bone repair.
- Explain the role of bone in calcium homeostasis.
- Describe the roles of PTH and calcitonin in bone remodeling and
calcium homeostasis.
- Describe how bone fractures are classified.
- Discuss osteoporosis and how it affects other organ systems.
- Know the anatomical terms for bone features.
- Describe the differences between the axial and appendicular
skeletons. List the bones of each.
- Know the bones of the skull including their sutures and other
features.
- Explain the location, function, and structure of the hyoid
bone.
- Describe the shape and divisions of the verterbral column.
- Explain the common features of the vertebrae and contrast the
structure of verterbra from each region.
- List and describe the bones and cartilages of the rib
cage.
- Describe three different types of ribs.
- Discuss the following disorders associated with the skeletal
system: cleft lip, cleft palate, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis,
spina bifida, herniated intervertebral disk, and whiplash.
- Describe the girdles that make up the appendicular skeleton.
- Describe the bones of the upper limb.
- Explain why the pelvic girdle is more stable than the pectoral
girdle.
- Describe the differences between the male pelvis and the female
pelvis.
- Describe the bones of the lower limb.
- Describe carpal tunnel syndrome and fractures of the
malleoli.
|
| 8 |
Joints |
- Classes of Joints
- Types of Movement
- Range of Motion
- Descriptions of Selected Joints
- Joint Disorders
|
- Explain the differences among fibrous, cartilaginous, and
synovial joints.
- Explain the differences among and give example of joints
classified as synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and
diarthroses.
- List the three types of fibrous joints. Give the
structures and examples of each.
- List the two types of cartilaginous joints. Give the
structures and examples of each.
- Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
- Describe the different types of synovial joints. Give
example of each.
- Differentiate among uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial
joints. Give examples of each.
- Describe the following types of movements: flexion,
extension, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction,
supination, pronation, elevation, depression, protraction,
retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion, eversion,
rotation, and circumduction.
- Describe the factors that affect normal range of motion at a
joint.
- Describe the structures and movements of the following
joints: TMJ, shoulder, hip, elbow, knee and ankle.
- Describe the following types of joint disorders:
arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lyme
disease, bursitis, bunion, tendinitis, dislocation, and
sprain.
|
| 9 |
Muscular System Histology and Physiology |
- Functions of the Muscular System
- General Properties of Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle Structure
- Sliding Filament Model
- Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- Physiology of Skeletal Muscle
- Muscle Fatigue
- Energy Sources
- Slow and Fast Fibers
- Heat Production
- Smooth Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- Muscle Disorders
|
- Explain the functions of the Muscular System.
- Describe the functional properties of muscle tissue.
- Compare and contrast skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
tissue.
- Describe the connective tissue components of skeletal
muscle.
- Explain the blood supply and innervations of skeletal
muscle.
- Describe the components of a muscle fiber.
- Describe the structures of thin and thick myofilaments.
- Describe the arrangement of myofilaments within a
sarcomere.
- Explain the sliding filament theory.
- Describe the A band, I band, and H zone and what happens to
them during contraction.
- Describe the resting membrane potential and how it is
generated.
- Explain the role of ion channels in the production of an action
potential.
- Explain the production of an action potential, including
depolarization and repolarization. Describe how an action
potential is propagated across the plasma membrane.
- Explain the all-or-none principal.
- Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junction, and explain
how an action potential is transmitted across the junction.
- Describe a muscle twitch, and the events that occur in each
phase of a muscle twitch.
- Describe a motor unit, and how motor unit number affects muscle
control.
- Explain how whole muscles respond in a graded faction, and how
the force of contraction can be increased.
- Describe the process of treppe.
- Describe recruitment and multiple motor unit summation.
- Describe complete tetanus and incomplete tetanus.
- Explain how the length of a muscle affects the amount of
tension produced in the muscle.
- Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contractions.
- Describe how muscle tone is maintained.
- Describe the sources of energy used to produce ATP in muscle
fibers.
- Define oxygen debt and recovery oxygen consumption.
- Describe fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers.
- Describe how exercise affects muscle fibers.
- Describe the structural of smooth muscle cells.
- Describe how smooth muscle cells contract.
- List and describe two types of smooth muscle types. Give
locations of each type.
- Describe the regulation of smooth muscle activity.
- Discuss the structure and function of cardiac muscle fibers.
- Describe the following muscle disorders: Myotonic and
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cramps, fibromyalgia, atrophy,
tendinitis, fibrosis, and fibrositis.
|
| 10 |
Muscular System Gross Anatomy
|
- General Principles of Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
- Head and Neck Muscles
- Trunk Muscles
- Upper Limb Muscles
- Lower Limb Muscles
- Disorders of Muscles
|
- Explain the following terms and give examples of each: origin,
insertion, agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator, and prime
mover.
- Describe the different types of muscles based on shape and
fasciculus arrangement. Describe how they differ in
strength.
- Explain how muscles are named.
- Describe the three classes of lever systems in the body and
give examples of each.
- Name the muscles of the head and neck. Describe the
locations and actions of each.
- Name the muscles of the trunk. Describe the locations and
actions of each.
- Name the muscles of the upper limb. Describe the
locations and actions of each.
- Name the muscles of the lower limb. Describe the
locations and actions of each.
- Describe the following disorders: laryngospasm, back
pain, torn rotator cuff, tennis elbow, shin splints, plantar
fasciitis, and Achilles tendon injuries.
|
| 11 |
Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue |
- Functions of the Nervous System
- Divisions of the Nervous System
- Cells of the Nervous System
- Organization of Nervous Tissue
- Electrical Signals
- The Synapse
- Neuronal Pathways and Circuits
|
- Explain the functions of the nervous system.
- List the divisions of the nervous system and describe the
characteristics of each.
- Describe the structure of a neuron.
- Describe the classification of neurons based on structure and
function.
- Describe the different types of neuroglia.
- Describe the structure and function of myelin. How is it
formed in the CNS and PNS?
- Distinguish between gray and white matter and describe
components found in each.
- Describe a resting membrane potential and how it is
created.
- Explain how resting membrane potential can change.
- Describe a graded potential.
- Describe the creation of an action potential and how it is
propagated.
- Discuss the all-or-none principle and how it relates to an
action potential.
- Explain the refractory period.
- Discuss the factors that determine action potential frequency,
and the five levels of stimulation.
- Describe the factors that affect the speed of action potential
conduction.
- Describe the structure and function of a synapse.
- Explain the difference between electrical and chemical
synapses.
- Describe how a neurotransmitter is released into a synapse and
removed from the synapse.
- Explain the effects of neurotransmitter binding to
receptors.
- Discuss the affects of neuromodulation.
- Explain excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
- Explain the roles of presynaptic inhibition and
facilitation.
- Describe the processes of spatial and temporal summation.
- Describe convergent and divergent neuron pathways.
- Describe an oscillating circuit.
- Describe how nervous tissue responds to injuries.
|
| 12 |
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, Brain, and Cranial Nerves |
- Spinal Cord
- Reflexes
- Spinal Nerves
- Development of the CNS
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- Cerebrum
- Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Cranial Nerves
|
- Describe the general structure of the spinal cord.
- Name the meninges and their spaces surrounding the spinal
cord.
- Describe the structure of the spinal cord in cross
section.
- Describe the components of a monosynaptic and a polysynaptic
reflex arc.
- Describe the following types of reflexes: stretch reflex,
a Golgi tendon reflex, a withdrawal reflex, and a cross extensor
reflex.
- Describe the connective tissue components of a nerve.
- List the number and locations of the 31 pairs of spinal
nerves.
- Describe a dermatome and its clinical importance.
- Explain how spinal nerves branch into rami and plexuses.
- List the major plexuses and the major nerves that exit each
plexus. Describe the body regions innervated by the major
nerves.
- Describe the possible implications of a spinal cord
injury.
- Describe the symptoms of radial, ulnar, median, and sciatic
nerve damage.
- Describe the fetal beginnings of the brain.
- Name the pouches that develop from the neural tube and the
adult brain structures that they become.
- Explain the origin of the brain ventricles.
- List the parts of the brainstem and describe the structure and
function of each.
- Describe the structure of the cerebellum.
- Describe the major regions of the cerebellum and the functions
of each.
- List the parts of the diencephalon. Describe the location
and function of each.
- Describe the structure of the cerebrum.
- Describe the functions of each cerebral lobe.
- List and describe three types of tracts found in the
cerebrum.
- List the basal nuclei and explain their functions.
- List the parts of the limbic system. Give the function of
each.
- Describe the meninges and spaces within them that surround the
brain.
- Describe the locations of the found ventricles of the brain.
- Explain the circulation and functions of CSF.
- Describe the blood supply to the brain.
- Describe the structure and function of the blood-brain
barrier.
- List the cranial nerves. Give the location and functions
of each.
- Describe cranial reflexes.
- Describe the possible outcomes of traumatic brain injuries,
skull fractures, hydrocephalus, and improper dental anesthesia
- Describe neurofibromatosis.
|
| 13 |
Integration of Nervous System Functions |
- Sensation
- Control of Skeletal Muscles
- Brainstem Functions
- Higher Brain Functions
|
- Describe the types of somatic and visceral sensory
receptors.
- Describe the roles of receptor potentials and adaptation.
- Differentiate between primary and secondary receptors, and
between tonic and phasic receptors.
- List the major ascending sensory tracts and describe the
functions of each.
- Describe the sensory and association areas of the cerebral
cortex and discuss their interactions.
- Describe the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex and
describe how it interacts with other parts of the frontal
lobe.
- Distinguish between upper and lower motor neurons, and between
direct and indirect tracts.
- Explain how the basal nuclei and the cerebellum regulate motor
function.
- Describe the sensory input from the brainstem.
- Explain the role of the reticular activating system.
- Discuss the motor output and reflexes of the brainstem.
- Discuss the cortical areas needed for speech.
- Describe the pathway that connects the cerebral
hemispheres.
- Describe the types of brain wave patterns and how they relate
to sleep.
- Compare and contrast the features of working, short-term, and
both types of long-term memory.
- Describe the functions of the limbic system.
- Describe different types or pain, their causes and
treatments.
- Describe the following disorders: amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, Brown-Sequard syndrome, Parkison disease, aphasia,
multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, cerebral
palsy, cerebellar lesions, Tay-Sachs disease, epilepsy, dyslexia,
stroke, headaches, addiction, obsession, and compulsion.
|
| 14 |
The Special Senses |
- Olfaction
- Taste
- Visual System
- Hearing and Balance
|
- Describe olfactory neurons and explain how airborne molecules
can stimulate action potentials in olfactory nerves.
- Describe the areas of the brain where olfaction is
interpreted.
- Define olfactory adaptation.
- Describe the structures and functions of the different types of
tongue papillae.
- Describe the structure and function of a taste bud.
- List and describe the five major taste sensations.
- Describe how smell and taste are related.
- Describe how action potentials are generated in a taste
cell.
- Trace the gustatory pathway from a taste receptor to the
cerebral cortex.
- Describe the structures and functions of the accessory
structures of the eye.
- Explain the chambers of the eye and the fluids they
contain.
- Name the layers of the eye and the parts of each layer.
Describe the structures and functions of each part.
- Describe the differences between rods and cones.
- Describe the structure of the retina.
- Describe how light stimulates action potentials.
- Describe how images are focused onto the retina.
- Describe the visual pathway from receptors to the visual
cortex.
- Describe binocular vision and depth perception.
- Describe the structures of the outer, middle, and inner
ear. Explain the functions of each structure.
- Describe the locations of the fluids in the inner ear.
- Discuss the characteristics of sound.
- Explain how action potentials are generated by hair cells in
the spiral organ.
- Trace sounds waves as they travel from the outer ear to the
spiral organ.
- Describe the auditory pathway from the spiral organ to the
auditory cortex.
- Describe how static and dynamic equilibrium are detected.
- Describe how balance is detected and interpreted by the
cerebral cortex.
- Discuss the following disorders: cataracts,
conjunctivitis, trachoma, neonatal gonorrheal opthalmia, stye,
myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, strabismus, diplopia,
color blindness, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic
retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, conductive
hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, otosclerosis, tinnitus,
otitis media, inner ear infection, motion sickness, and Meniere
disease.
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| 15 |
Autonomic Nervous System
|
- Contrasting the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Functional Generalizations About the Autonomic Nervous
System
|
- Explain the differences between the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems.
- Describe the divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
- Explain the arrangements of sympathetic and parasympathetic
neurons and ganglia.
- Describe the organization and functions of the enteric nervous
system.
- Describe the major autonomic nerve plexuses in the body.
- Describe cholinergic and adrenergic neurons.
- Compare the two types of cholinergic receptors.
- Describe the different types of adrenergic receptors.
- Explain how autonomic reflexes maintain homeostasis.
- Explain the meanings of dual innervation, opposite effects,
cooperative effects, general effects and localized effects of the
ANS.
- Describe the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the
body.
- Describe the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on
the body.
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| 16 |
Functional Organization of the Endocrine System and Endocrine
Glands
|
- Principles of Chemical Communication
- Hormones
- Control of Hormone Secretion
- Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action
- Overview of the Endocrine System
- Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Glands
- Adrenal Glands
- Pancreas
- Hormonal Regulation of Nutrient Utilization
- Hormones of the Reproductive System
- Hormones of the Pineal Gland
- Other Hormones and Chemical Messengers
|
- Describe the four classes of chemical messengers.
- Define hormone and target tissue.
- Explain how the nervous system and endocrine system are similar
and different.
- Describe the common characteristics of hormones.
- Describe the effects of binding proteins on hormone
levels.
- Describe the chemical classes of hormones.
- Explain the transport of lipid-soluble and water-soluble
hormones.
- Explain the main patterns of hormone secretion.
- Explain the processes that stimulate hormone
secretion.
- Explain the processes that inhibit hormone secretion.
- Describe how hormone levels are maintained in the blood.
- Describe a hormone receptor and explain how a target cell may
increase or decrease its sensitivity to a hormone.
- Describe the two major types of receptor classes.
- Describe amplification and its importance.
- Explain the functions of the endocrine system.
- Describe the structure and location of the pituitary gland and
hypothalamus.
- Describe the relationship between the pituitary gland and the
hypothalamus.
- List the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. Describe
the target, regulation, and action of each.
- List the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Describe the target, regulation, and action of
each.
- List the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary.
Describe the target, regulation, and action of each.
- Describe the disorders associated with pituitary hormones.
- Describe the structure and location of the thyroid gland.
- List the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. Describe
the target, regulation, and action of each.
- Discuss disorders associated with the thyroid gland.
- Describe the structure and locations of the parathyroid
glands. Give the target, regulation, and action of
PTH.
- Describe the structure and location of the adrenal glands.
- Name the layers of the adrenal cortex and list the hormones
secreted by each layer.
- Give the target, regulation, and action of each adrenal cortex
hormone.
- Describe the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla.
- Discuss disorders associated with adrenal glands.
- Describe the structure and location of the pancreas.
- List the hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets.
Describe the target, regulation, and action of each.
- Discuss type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Describe the hormones needed to regulate nutrients immediately
after a meal and 1-2 hours after a meal.
- Describe how the nervous and endocrine systems interact during
exercise to provide energy to cells.
- Describe the hormones secreted by reproductive organs.
- Describe the structure and location of the pineal gland.
- Describe the hormones secreted by the pineal gland.
- Describe the hormones released by the thymus, kidneys,
digestive system and heart.
- Explain the difference between autocrine and paracrine chemical
messengers. Give examples of each.
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